Integración del modelo biopsicosocial en la implantación de Comprehensive Medication Management para pacientes tratados en una institución oncológica en Colombia / Biopsychosocial Model Integration in the implementation of Comprehensive Medication Management for patients treated in an oncological institution in Colombia

Introducción: Las personas con cáncer necesitan recibir cuidados enfocados en aspectos biopsi-cosociales considerando la experiencia con la medicación (MedExp), la evolución de esta enfermedad y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CRVS). Se presentan los resultados del Compre-hensive Medication Management (CMM) implanta-do en una institución colombiana especializada en oncología. Método: Diseño cuali-cuantitativo mixto observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante triangulación de técnicas cualitativas (entrevistas en profundidad y observación participante) y cuantitativas (entrevistas clínicas con cuestionarios validados). Las entrevistas fueron presenciales y telemáticas por la pandemia (febrero-octubre 2021). Según los estándares del CMM, se generó la historia farmacoterapéutica, se registró la información biopsicosocial y se analizó la MedExp y la CVRS utilizando Medicines Optimisation Software®. Resultados: Se evaluaron los estándares antes y después de su implantación. La valoración inicial tuvo un análisis DAFO (Debilidades, Amenazas, Fortalezas, Oportunidades) consensuando estrategias para desarrollar CMM. El servicio de oncología derivó 17 personas, 10 mujeres aceptaron participar. Se completaron 30 entrevistas recogiendo narrativas sobre experiencias, observaciones y datos clínicos contextualizados a partir de las que se realizaron intervenciones biopsicosociales. Se resolvieron 2 condiciones clínicas, 2 mejoraron, 7 permanecieron estables, 9 mejoraron parcialmente y 4 no tuvieron mejoría. Tras recibir CMM, las participantes mejoraron su autopercepción en salud, y mejoraron principalmente las dimensiones de movilidad, realización de actividades cotidianas y ansiedad/depresión. Conclusiones: En la implantación del CMM se integró el modelo biopsicosocial considerando las experiencias reales de padecer cáncer alcanzando mejoría en condiciones clínicas y en CVRS de las pacientes atendidas. (AU)

Introduction: People with cancer need to receive care focused on biopsychosocial aspects, consid-ering medication experience (MedExp), disease and illness progression, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The results of the Comprehensive Medication Management (CMM) implemented in a Colombian institution specialized in oncology are presented. Method: Mixed observational, descriptive, and pro-spective qualitative-quantitative design. Data were obtained by triangulating qualitative (in-depth inter-views and participant observation) and quantitative techniques (clinical interviews with validated ques-tionnaires). Data was collected through interviews carried out face-to-face and remotely due to the pandemic situation during February-October 2021. According to CMM standards, the pharmacothera-peutic history was obtained, recorded, and MedExp and HRQoL were analyzed using Medicines Optimi-zation Software®. Results: The standards of pharmaceutical care practice were established through the implemen-tation of a SWOT analysis to support care process. The oncology service referred 17 people; 10 women agreed to participate. Thirty interviews were completed collecting narratives about experiences, observations and contextualized clinical data from which biopsychosocial interventions were carried out. Clinical results obtained were: 2 clinical condi-tions resolved, 2 improved, 7 stable, 9 partially im-proved and 4 unimprovement. After receiving CMM, the participants improved their self-perception of health, and HRQoL dimensions of mobility, daily activities, and anxiety/depression improved. Conclusions: Through the implementing of CMM, clinical conditions related to the patients’ medica-tions were improved. Results guided the actions to be followed when implementing this biopsychoso-cial model in the institution. Providing benefits for patients and caregivers, in terms of avoiding the deterioration of quality of life despite suffering from of oncological diseases.

[Translated article] Medication experience and clinical interventions in patients receiving pharmaceutical care: A scoping review of pharmaceutical care practice.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze scientific literature on qualitative research that studies the medication experience-MedExp-and related pharmaceutical interventions that bring changes in patients' health. Through the content analysis of this scoping review, we intend to: (1) understand how pharmacists analyze the MedExp of their patients who receive Comprehensive Medication Management CMM and (2) explain which categories they establish and how they explain the individual, psychological, and cultural dimensions of MedExp. METHODS: The scoping review followed recommendations from PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. Medline (Pubmed), SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Psycinfo were used to identify research on MedExp from patients attended by pharmacists; and that they comply with quality standards, Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research. Articles published in English and Spanish were included. RESULTS: 395 qualitative investigations were identified, 344 were excluded. In total, 19 investigations met the inclusion criteria. Agreement between reviewers, kappa index 0.923, 95% CI (0.836-1.010). The units of analysis of the patients' speeches were related to how they were progressing in their medications and how it was built through MedExp, the influence it has on the experience of becoming ill, the connection with socioeconomic aspects, and beliefs. Based on MedExp, the pharmacists raised cultural proposals, support networks, health policies, and provide education and information about medication and disease. Additionally, characteristics of the interventions were identified, such as a dialogic model, therapeutic relationship, shared decision-making, comprehensive approach, and referrals to other professionals. CONCLUSIONS: The MedExp is an extensive concept, which encompasses people's life experience who use medications based on their individual, psychological, and social qualities. This MedExp is corporal, intentional, intersubjective, and relational, expanding to the collective because it implies beliefs, culture, ethics, and the socioeconomic and political reality of each person located in their context.

Experiencia con la medicación e intervenciones clínicas en pacientes valorados por farmacéuticos: revisión de alcance / Medication experience and clinical interventions in patients cared for by pharmacist: Scoping review of pharmaceutical care practice

Objetivo: analizar la literatura científica sobre investigaciones cualitativas que estudian la experiencia con la medicación (MedExp) y las intervenciones farmacéuticas relacionadas que aportan cambios en la salud de los pacientes. A través del análisis de contenido de esta revisión de alcance se pretende: 1) comprender cómo analizan los farmacéuticos la MedExp de sus pacientes que reciben Comprehensive Medication Management (CMM) y 2) explicar cuáles categorías establecen y cómo explican las dimensiones individuales, psicológicas y culturales de MedExp. Métodos: la revisión de alcance siguió las recomendaciones PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. Se hizo una búsqueda en Medline (Pubmed), SCOPUS, Web of Science y Psycinfo para identificar investigaciones sobre MedExp de pacientes atendidos por farmacéuticos y que cumplieran con estándares de calidad, Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research. Se incluyeron artículos publicados en inglés y español. Resultados: se identificaron 395 investigaciones cualitativas, se excluyeron 344. En total 19 investigaciones cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Concordancia entre los revisores, índice de kappa 0,923; IC 95% (0,836-1,010). Las unidades de análisis de los discursos de los pacientes se relacionaron con una construcción de la MedExp en el transitar de las personas con sus medicamentos, la influencia que tiene en la experiencia de enfermar, la conexión con aspectos socioeconómicos y las creencias. A partir de la MedExp, los farmacéuticos plantearon propuestas culturales, redes de apoyo, a nivel de políticas sanitarias, y brindar educación e información acerca de la medicación y la enfermedad. Adicionalmente, se identificaron características de las intervenciones como modelo dialógico, relación terapéutica, toma de decisiones compartidas, abordaje integral y derivaciones a otros profesionales. Conclusiones ... (AU)

Objective: Analyze scientific literature on qualitative research that studies the medication experience -MedExp- and related pharmaceutical interventions that bring changes in patients’ health. Through the content analysis of this scoping review, we intend to: 1) understand how pharmacists analyze the MedExp of their patients who receive Comprehensive Medication Management and 2) explain which categories they establish and how they explain the individual, psychological and cultural dimensions of MedExp. Methods: The scoping review followed recommendations from PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. Medline (Pubmed), SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Psycinfo were used to identify research on MedExp from patients attended by pharmacists; and that they comply with quality standards, Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research. Articles published in English and Spanish were included. Results: 395 qualitative investigations were identified, 344 were excluded. In total, 19 investigations met the inclusion criteria. Agreement between reviewers, kappa index 0.923 95% CI (0.836-1.010). The units of analysis of the patients' speeches were related to how they were progressing in their medications and how it was built through MedExp, the influence it has on the experience of becoming ill, the connection with socioeconomic aspects, and beliefs. Based on MedExp, the pharmacists raised cultural proposals, support networks, health policies, and provide education and information about medication and disease. Additionally, characteristics of the interventions were identified, such as a dialogic model, therapeutic relationship, shared decision-making, comprehensive approach, and referrals to other professionals. Conclusions ... (AU)

Medication experience and clinical interventions in patients cared for by pharmacist: Scoping review of pharmaceutical care practice. / Experiencia con la medicación e intervenciones clínicas en pacientes valorados por farmacéuticos: revisión de alcance.

OBJECTIVE: Analyze scientific literature on qualitative research that studies the medication experience -MedExp- and related pharmaceutical interventions that bring changes in patients' health. Through the content analysis of this scoping review, we intend to: 1) understand how pharmacists analyze the MedExp of their patients who receive Comprehensive Medication Management and 2) explain which categories they establish and how they explain the individual, psychological and cultural dimensions of MedExp. METHODS: The scoping review followed recommendations from PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews. Medline (Pubmed), SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Psycinfo were used to identify research on MedExp from patients attended by pharmacists; and that they comply with quality standards, Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research. Articles published in English and Spanish were included. RESULTS: 395 qualitative investigations were identified, 344 were excluded. In total, 19 investigations met the inclusion criteria. Agreement between reviewers, kappa index 0.923 95% CI (0.836-1.010). The units of analysis of the patients' speeches were related to how they were progressing in their medications and how it was built through MedExp, the influence it has on the experience of becoming ill, the connection with socioeconomic aspects, and beliefs. Based on MedExp, the pharmacists raised cultural proposals, support networks, health policies, and provide education and information about medication and disease. Additionally, characteristics of the interventions were identified, such as a dialogic model, therapeutic relationship, shared decision-making, comprehensive approach, and referrals to other professionals. CONCLUSIONS: The MedExp is an extensive concept, which encompasses people's life experience who use medications based on their individual, psychological and social qualities. This MedExp is corporal, intentional, intersubjective and relational, expanding to the collective because it implies beliefs, culture, ethics and the socioeconomic and political reality of each person located in their context.

Necesidades y experiencia farmacoterapéutica de los pacientes con leucemia mieloide crónica tratados con inhibidores de la tirosina cinasa: revisión sistemática / Medication experience and patient’s related needs in chronic myeloid leukemia treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Systematic review

Objetivo: diversas investigaciones cuantitativas generan evidencia sobre los pacientes con leucemia mieloide crónica y el tratamiento activo con inhibidores tirosina cinasa, pero son escasas las investigaciones cualitativas que orienten sus resultados a cómo acompañar a los pacientes a lo largo de su enfermedad. El objetivo es conocer las expectativas, las necesidades de información y las experiencias condicionantes al usar inhibidores tirosina cinasa en los pacientes con leucemia mieloide crónica en los estudios cualitativos publicados en la literatura científica.Métodosse revisaron sistemáticamente investigaciones cualitativas publicadas entre 2003 y 2021 en Pubmed/Medline, Web of Science y Embase de pacientes con leucemia mieloide crónica tratados con inhibidores tirosina cinasa. Las palabras clave fueron «Leukemia, Myeloid» y «Qualitative Research». Se excluyeron artículos sobre la fase aguda o blástica.Resultadosse localizaron 184 publicaciones. Eliminando los duplicados, se incluyeron 6 (3%) y excluyeron 176 (97%). Los estudios muestran la enfermedad como inflexión en la vida de los pacientes, quienes desarrollan sus propias estrategias para controlar los efectos adversos. Los factores que determinan la experiencia farmacoterapéutica con inhibidores tirosina cinasa deben abordarse mediante estrategias personalizadas: esto permitiría la detección temprana de problemas, reforzaría la educación en cada etapa y promovería la discusión abierta sobre las causas complejas que subyacen al fracaso del tratamiento. (AU)

Objective: Several studies quantitatively described patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia on active treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, however there are few qualitative studies that focus their results on how to accompany patients in the course of the disease over time. The objective of this review is to find out what are the expectations, information needs and experiences that determine adherence to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia in qualitative research articles published in the scientific literature.MethodsA systematic review of qualitative research articles published between 2003-2021 was carried out in PubMed/Medline, Web of Science and Embase databases. Main keywords used were: "Leukaemia, Myeloid" and "Qualitative Research". Articles on the acute phase or blast phase were excluded.Results184 publications were located. After elimination of duplicates, 6 (3%) were included and 176 (97%) publications were excluded. Studies show that the illness is a turning point in patients' lives, and they develop their own strategies for managing the adverse effects. The factors that determine medication experiences with tyrosine kinase inhibitors should be addressed by implementing personalized strategies: this would result in early detection of problems, reinforce education at each stage and promote open discussion about complex causes underlying the treatment failure. (AU)

Case report: Serotoninergic and cholinergic syndromes induced by self-medication.

Self-medication is a part of the self-care practices carried out by the elderly in their environment. The aim of this case report is to show how the self-medication of fluoxetine and dimenhydrinate in an older adult can induce serotoninergic and cholinergic syndromes, showing symptoms such as nausea, tachycardia, tremor, loss of appetite, memory loss, decreased vision, falls, and increased urination. An older adult who has been diagnosed with arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and a recent diagnosis of essential thrombosis is the subject of this case report. After the analysis of the case, cessation of fluoxetine was recommended to avoid withdrawal symptoms, therefore decreasing the need for dimenhydrinate and the medicines used for dyspepsia. After the recommendation, the patient showed an improvement in the symptoms. Finally, the comprehensive evaluation process of the medication in the Medicines Optimization Unit achieved the detection of the problem and improved the patient's health condition.

[Translated article] The needs and medication experience of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Several studies quantitatively described patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia on active treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, however there are few qualitative studies that focus their results on how to accompany patients in the course of the disease over time. The objective of this review is to find out what are the expectations, information needs and experiences that determine adherence to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in qualitative research articles published in the scientific literature. METHODS: A systematic review of qualitative research articles published between 2003-2021 was carried out in PubMed/Medline, Web of Science and Embase databases. Main keywords used were: "Leukemia, Myeloid" and "Qualitative Research". Articles on the acute phase or blast phase were excluded. RESULTS: 184 publications were located. After elimination of duplicates, 6 (3%) were included and 176 (97%) publications were excluded. Studies show that the illness is a turning point in patients' lives, and they develop their own strategies for managing the adverse effects. The factors that determine medication experiences with tyrosine kinase inhibitors should be addressed by implementing personalized strategies: this would result in early detection of problems, reinforce education at each stage and promote open discussion about complex causes underlying the treatment failure. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review provides evidence that implementation personalized strategies must be done to adress the factors that determine the illness experience with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia and receiving treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Medication experience and patient's related needs in chronic myeloid leukemia treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Systematic review. / Necesidades y experiencia farmacoterapéutica de los pacientes con leucemia mieloide crónica tratados con inhibidores de la tirosina cinasa: revisión sistemática.

OBJECTIVE: Several studies quantitatively described patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia on active treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, however there are few qualitative studies that focus their results on how to accompany patients in the course of the disease over time. The objective of this review is to find out what are the expectations, information needs and experiences that determine adherence to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia in qualitative research articles published in the scientific literature. METHODS: A systematic review of qualitative research articles published between 2003-2021 was carried out in PubMed/Medline, Web of Science and Embase databases. Main keywords used were: "Leukaemia, Myeloid" and "Qualitative Research". Articles on the acute phase or blast phase were excluded. RESULTS: 184 publications were located. After elimination of duplicates, 6 (3%) were included and 176 (97%) publications were excluded. Studies show that the illness is a turning point in patients' lives, and they develop their own strategies for managing the adverse effects. The factors that determine medication experiences with tyrosine kinase inhibitors should be addressed by implementing personalized strategies: this would result in early detection of problems, reinforce education at each stage and promote open discussion about complex causes underlying the treatment failure. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review provides evidence that implementation personalized strategies must be done to adress the factors that determine the illness experience with Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia and receiving treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Entrevistas en profundidad: técnica complementaria a las entrevistas clínicas en las intervenciones basadas en necesidades del paciente / In-depth interviews: complementary technique to the clinical interviews in the interventions based on the patient’s needs

Se brindó Comprehensive Medication Management a una mujer de 78 años, con antecedentes de trombosis venosa profunda y fractura de cadera. Diagnosticada de hidrocefalia, artrosis, hipertensión arterial y dislipemia, que tomaba 12 medicamentos. Se evaluaron las necesidades farmacoterapéuticas integrando aspectos biomédicos y psicosociales, a través de un análisis clínico, que permitió detectar 7 necesidades y un análisis complementario de narrativas extraídas de entrevistas en profundidad, que permitió la detección de 5 necesidades adicionales. Utilizar entrevistas en profundidad para interrelacionar aspectos cualitativos de la experiencia personal al evaluar la farmacoterapia, permitió plantear intervenciones biopsicosociales adaptadas a la resolución integral de necesidades farmacoterapéuticas, que fueron recogidas en un plan de cuidados, donde se incluyó un informe al médico de atención primaria con 4 recomendaciones de las cuales 2 fueron aceptadas y otras 4 fueron propuestas y aceptadas por la paciente y su cuidador, consiguiéndose la resolución de 8 necesidades farmacoterapéuticas.(AU)

Comprehensive Medication Management was provided to a 78-year-old woman. Medical history: deep vein thrombosis, hip fracture, hydrocephalus, arthrosis, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia. She was taking 12 medications. Patient’s medication-related needs were evaluated integrating biomedical and psychosocial aspects, through a clinical analysis, which allowed the de-tection of 7 medication-related needs. Complemen-tary analysis of narratives extracted from in-depth interviews allowed detection of 5 additional medi-cation-related needs. Using in-depth interviews to interrelate qualitative aspects of personal experience when evaluating pharmacotherapy, allowed to propose biopsycho-social interventions adapted to the comprehensive resolution of medication-related needs, collected in a care plan. Included a medical report with 4 recommendations whereby 2 were accepted by the primary care physician. Another 4 medication-re-lated needs were proposed and accepted by the patient and her caregiver, achieving the resolution of 8 medication-related needs.(AU)

Incorporación del Counseling a la Gestión Integral de la Medicación para gestionar emociones que afectan enfermedades crónicas / Counseling integrated with Comprehensive Medication Management. Emotion management of chronic diseases

Se presenta un caso de una paciente que recibe Gestión Integral de la Medicación integrada con counseling debido a las dificultades para controlar la presión arterial tras haberse tratado con diferentes antihipertensivos y porque refiere que este descontrol está relacionado con su estado emocional. La paciente se presenta con una fuerte carga de ansiedad y anímicamente alterada. Asocia su dificultad para controlar su presión arterial a circunstancias emocionales. Se considera que puede beneficiarse de estrategias de counseling para gestionar emociones integradas con la Gestión Integral de la Medicación. Tras evaluar las intervenciones realizadas interdisciplinariamente, la presión arterial se normaliza, se reduce medicación antihipertensiva, se resuelvan otros problemas de salud y percibe mayor control y capacidad de autogestión. Incorporando la gestión de emociones a la Gestión Integral de la Medicación potenciamos los propios recursos de los pacientes, promovemos su autoconocimiento, mejoramos la toma de decisiones y fomentamos actitudes satisfactorias para reducir su sufrimiento e incrementar su bienestar pudiendo repercutir positivamente en la farmacoterapia.(AU)

A case of a patient who receives Comprehensive Medication Management-CMM- integrated with counseling is presented. The patient shows difficul-ties in controlling blood pressure after having been treated with different antihypertensives and she refers this lack of control is related with her emo-tional status. This patient was highly anxious and emotionally affected. She associates her difficulty in controlling her blood pressure to emotional circumstances. The care team considers that she can benefit from counseling strategies to manage emotions integrated with CMM. After evaluating the interdisciplinary interventions, blood pressure normalizes, antihypertensive medication is reduced, other health problems are resolved and greater control and capacity for self-management are perceived. By incorporating emotion management into CMM, we enhance the patients' own resources, promote their self-knowledge, improve the deci-sion-making process, and promote satisfactory atti-tudes. For these reasons, their suffering is reduced and their well-being increased, allowing a positive effect on pharmacotherapy.(AU)

Experiencia farmacoterapéutica de los pacientes con artritis reumatoide: el rol de la farmacia comunitaria / Exploring the medication experience of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: The role of community pharmacy

Introducción: La gestión integral de la farmacoterapia de la AR es altamente compleja y la experiencia del paciente con la medicación condiciona su conducta. Objetivos. Explorar las dimensiones socioculturales de la experiencia farmacoterapéutica y determinar las necesidades a cubrir desde la farmacia comunitaria. Métodos: Investigación cualitativa, exploratoria, descriptiva y transversal con análisis temático secundario por categorías y unidades de significado emergentes. Resultados: La medicación pre-diagnóstico se percibe como paliativa no siempre efectiva. Tras el diagnóstico–a su vez alivio y sentencia-, se construye una relación con la medicación basada en las experiencias vividas, sensaciones físicas y emocionales, valorando continuamente su efectividad y seguridad a partir de sensaciones físicas y brotes. Los participantes reclaman mejor comunicación con los facultativos, mayor coordinación asistencial y que su experiencia sea considerada en la toma de decisiones. Destacan como positiva la gestión colectiva del dolor, tanto por el acompañamiento incondicional en el ámbito del hogar, como de las asociaciones de pacientes, claves para su empoderamiento. Conclusiones: La experiencia farmacoterapéutica redefine las fases de la enfermedad y se vertebra con el padecimiento y el conocimiento propio de la AR. La experiencia de los pacientes sobre la efectividad y seguridad de la medicación debería ser considerada en la toma de decisiones. La farmacia comunitaria tiene un rol importante a desarrollar para reducir el retraso diagnóstico, ofrecer información técnica sobre medicamentos, contribuir a la optimización de la farmacoterapia y al paciente a empoderase e integrarse con las redes sociales de cuidados.(AU)

Introduction: Comprehensive Medication Management in rheumatoid arthritis is highly complex and the patients experience with the medication determines the way in which it is used by them. Objectives: To explore sociocultural dimensions of the medication experience and determine the needs that should be covered by the pharmacy. Methods: It was carried out a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, and cross-sectional research with secondary thematic analysis by categories and emerging units of meaning. Results: Prediagnostic medication is perceived as palliative and often ineffective. The diagnosis is bitter-sweet. After it, a relationship with the medication is built based on the lived experiences -both physical and emotional-assessing continually its effectiveness and safety according to physical sensations and outbreaks. Participants demand a better communication with doctors and a greater coordinated assistance. Thus, their experience should be considered in the decision-making process. They highlight the collective management of pain, the unconditional support at home as well as patients’ associations, which are key to their empowerment. Conclusions: Patients’ medication experience redefines the phases of the disease and is built with the suffering and the own knowledge of the rheumatoid arthritis. Patients’ experience with the effectiveness and safety of medication should be considered in the decision-making process. Community Pharmacy has an important role to reduce the diagnostic delay, to offer technical information on medications, to contribute to the optimization of pharmacotherapy and to empower the patient and get him or her integrated with the social care networks.(AU)

Experiencia Farmacoterapéutica en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica atendidos en el Servicio de Nefrología de un hospital en Costa Rica. Estudio Piloto / Medication experience in patients with chronic kidney disease treated by the Nephrology Service of a hospital in Costa Rica. A pilot study

OBJETIVO: Describir la experiencia farmacoterapéutica en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica que asisten al Programa de Atención Farmacéutica del Hospital Dr. R.A. Calderón Guardia en Costa Rica. MÉTODOS: Estudio cualitativo en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica que asisten al Programa de Atención Farmacéutica del Servicio Farmacéutico del Hospital. Las categorías de análisis se obtuvieron de los discursos de los pacientes sobre su experiencia farmacoterapéutica y de las notas del diario de campo de la farmacéutica del programa. El análisis cualitativo y la triangulación se realizaron incorporando la reflexividad a la revisión por pares de los datos cualitativos. RESULTADOS: Sobre la experiencia farmacoterapéutica 5 de los 11 pacientes comentaron sobre la cantidad de medicamentos que deben tomar, 5 pacientes se refirieron a falta de conocimiento y/o compresión de la medicación, 4 manifestaron su temor a reacciones adversas. DISCUSIÓN: Al describir la experiencia farmacoterapéutica la mayoría de los participantes mencionaron la gran cantidad de medicamentos que debían tomar. Esta polimedicación provocó una actitud aversiva en algunos pacientes que tenían enfermedad renal crónica en fases avanzada, pero de forma contraria en los pacientes trasplantados renales produjo una actitud favorable. Otros pacientes indicaban falta de comprensión de la medicación, probablemente asociada al modelo paternalista de atención en el ámbito costarricense. Como principal preocupación, los pacientes dicen que sienten miedo a las reacciones adversas. En estas situaciones, el acompañamiento y disponibilidad del farmacéutico para resolver dudas y aportarle opciones terapéuticas para afrontar estas reacciones ha contribuido a la confianza en usar los medicamentos con mayor tranquilidad

OBJECTIVE: Describe the medication experience of patients with chronic kidney disease included in the Pharmaceutical Care Program of a Hospital Calderón Guardia in Costa Rica. METHODS: Qualitative study in patients with chronic kidney disease that were treated by the Pharmaceutical Care Program. Analytical categories were defined based on patients' feedback on their medication experiences as well as the pharmacist's field notebook. Qualitative analysis and triangulation were obtained by incorporating reflexivity into the peer review of qualitative data. RESULTS: As part of the medication experience, 5 of 11 patients shared feedback on medications quantities to be taken, 5 patients did not have sufficient knowledge and/or understanding of it, and finally, 4 expressed their fear to adverse reactions. DISCUSSION: Most of the feedback received was related to number of medications that each patient was prescribed. Polymedication caused an averse attitude in some of them, especially on those who had chronic kidney disease. Kidney transplant recipient patients did not display the same behavior. Other participants described a general lack of understanding on the use of medication, probably derived from Costa Rica's paternalistic model of care. Overall, most of the patients expressed their worry and fear towards adverse reactions. In these situations, the availability of the pharmacist to answer questions and provide therapeutic options to deal with these reactions, as a care support strategy, contributed to increasing confidence towards medication use

Cuestionario para evaluar sitios web sanitarios según criterios europeos / Questionnaire to evaluate health web sites according to european criteria

Objetivo. Diseñar un cuestionario para evaluar el cumplimiento de criterios de calidad de sitios web sanitarios y analizar su fiabilidad. Diseño. Estudio descriptivo de la fiabilidad de un cuestionario. Participantes. Veinte sitios web relacionados con salud. Emplazamiento. Internet. Mediciones principales. El cuestionario se diseñó a partir de los criterios del código de conducta e-Europe 2002, comparándolos con los del AMA, Summit, e-Health Code of Ethics, normativa y directrices vigentes. Las dimensiones estudiadas fueron la transparencia y la ausencia de conflicto de intereses, autoría, protección de datos, actualización, responsabilidad y accesibilidad. Se elaboró un cuestionario preliminar, se midió la fiabilidad, se efectuaron ajustes y se diseñó el definitivo. Se evaluó nuevamente la fiabilidad utilizando 26 sitios web por parte de 3 investigadores. La concordancia se midió con el índice kappa de Cohen. Resultados. En el cuestionario diseñado se incluyeron todas las directrices de calidad de la guía Europea e-Europe 2002, la normativa Europea y los aspectos relevantes contemplados por otros códigos. Se obtuvo una fiabilidad aceptable (kappa ≥ 0,60) para 12 de los 18 criterios incluidos. Los aspectos menos concordantes fueron actualización (kappa = 0,310) y accesibilidad (búsqueda de contenidos y acceso para discapacitados). Conclusiones. Se obtuvo un cuestionario con una fiabilidad aceptable

Objectives. To design a questionnaire to evaluate compliance with quality criteria on health web sites and to analyse its reliability. Design. A descriptive study on the reliability of a questionnaire. Participants. Twenty web sites on health topics. Setting. Internet. Main measurements. The questionnaire was based on analysis of content of the criteria of the e-Europe 2002 code of conduct, comparing these with the criteria underlying the AMA, the Summit code and the e-Health Code of Ethics regulations and current directives. The dimensions studied were transparency, absence of conflicts of interest, authorship, data protection, updating, accountability, and accessibility. A preliminary questionnaire was drawn up for a pilot test conducted by 3 researchers for 20 web sites, its reliability was appraised, adjustments were made and the definitive questionnaire was designed. Reliability was evaluated again for 26 web sites evaluated by 3 researchers. To evaluate concordance in the answers of the participants, Cohen's Kappa index with a 95% confidence level was used. Results. All the quality directives of e-Europe 2002, the European regulations and relevant points from other questionnaires were included in the questionnaire designed. Reliability was acceptable (kappa ≥ 0.60) for 12 of the 18 quality criteria included. The least concordant aspects of the questionnaire were information update (kappa =0.310) and accessibility (search for contents and access for persons with disability). Conclusions. Reliability of the questionnaire designed was acceptable